J.S. Bach's Ornament Table
Internet Adaptation © 1997, 2001, 2005 by T.L. Hubeart
Jr.
The following ornament table is a
transcription of the one appearing in the Clavier-Büchlein vor
Wilhelm Friedemann Bach, written by Johann Sebastian Bach
for the keyboard instruction of his eldest son. (A scan of the original
manuscript appears at Dave's J.S. Bach Page.)
The German title translates as "Explanation of various signs, showing how to play certain ornaments correctly."{1} Bach gives the sign for each ornament on the upper of the paired staves, while the lower shows its execution directly beneath. I have simply modernized the clefs in my transcription, since Bach's manuscript uses soprano clefs, as several composers continued to do throughout the 18th century in place of the treble clef now used in all keyboard music.
After the transcription graphic showing the table, there appear clickable
buttons which are keyed to AU sound files; you can click on any of the
ornaments and hear a sound file play its execution.
Such a table as this, coming from the hand of the great J.S. Bach
himself, is obviously valuable for the help it gives us in interpreting the
signs he used for ornaments. Because the execution of ornaments often varied in
the 18th century from country to country and from composer to composer, it is
good to see Bach specifying what he wants in this regard. Nevertheless, a
cautionary note is in order: Willard A. Palmer, in his detailed explanation of
this table, helpfully remarks that "Since the Explication applies each
ornament to a quarter note only, and that application is only practical at a
moderate tempo, it can only show the GENERAL CONFIGURATION of each ornament.
Note that all ornaments in the table begin on the beat." {2}
This is not really the place for a detailed discussion of the controversy
that surrounds some of the finer points of Baroque ornamentation, such as
whether a trill should begin on the principal note or the upper auxiliary. C.P.E. Bach's authority on these matters has been much
disputed, but the fact that his own music is very different from his father's,
and the shift that musical idioms underwent after Sebastian's death, do not
necessarily invalidate the application of ornamentation rules from Emanuel's
famous Essay to the music of Sebastian. Since Emanuel promoted his father's
works repeatedly and praised them to the skies--going so far as to say that
J.S. Bach "is not in need of my recommendation. One was accustomed to see
nothing but masterpieces come from him"{3}--, it does
not seem to me reasonable that, if Emanuel's practice on ornamentation had
significantly differed from his father's, the son would not have indicated as
much. Indeed, Willard Palmer's remark, ". . . I believe that if I could
play Bach's music as well as Karl Philipp Emanuel[,] I would be doing all
right,"{4} seems to me to reflect an eminently
safe and sane position to take in these matters.
In the following graphic of the transcription, I have transcribed Bach's table as closely as possible, including his original German title and captions. The captions are given in a sometimes-paraphrased English form beside the buttons keyed to the musical examples. I have also added after the paraphrases significant differences found in Palmer, who gives the "most common English names" of these ornaments.
Explication
unterschiedlicher Zeichen, so gewisse Manieren artig zu spielen, andeuten.
("Explanation of various signs, showing how to play
certain ornaments correctly.")
3. Trillo und mordant (trill combined with
mordent; Palmer: "trill with termination").
5. Doppelt-Cadence (trill with initial turn;
Palmer: "ascending trill").
6.
Idem (another trill with initial turn; Palmer: "descending trill").
8.
Idem (the same; Palmer: "descending trill with termination").
9. Accent steigend (ascending appogiatura;
Palmer: "appogiatura from below").
10. Accent fallend (descending appogiatura;
Palmer: "appogiatura from above").
11. Accent und Mordant (appogiatura with
mordent; Palmer: "appogiatura and mordent").
12.
Accent und Trillo (appogiatura with trill; Palmer: "appogiatura and
trill").
13.
Idem (another sign for appogiatura with trill).
Sample MIDI Files
1. The first prelude (BWV 846) from the Well-Tempered Clavier, Book 1, had its origin in a piece entitled "Praeludium" in the same clavier instruction book containing this list of ornaments. To hear a MIDI file of this "rough draft" of the first WTC prelude, click on the music button below.{5}
Play the Clavier-Büchlein
"Praeludium." [General MIDI, 5kb]
2. The third of J.S. Bach's "Inventions" (also known as "Two-Part Inventions"), BWV 774, shows several of the ornaments in the above table in action, including the mordent, the trill, and the turn. It is also interesting as an example of the occasional difficulty of interpreting the signs as written by Bach. Measure 3 (and likewise measure 45) of the Invention no. 3 was printed in the authoritative Bach-Gesellschaft edition and subsequent editions with a "Doppelt-Cadence und Mordant" ornament (no. 7 above) over a 16th note, despite the fact that such an ornament here is, as Willard Palmer comments, "clearly impossible to execute at any reasonable tempo":{6}
Dr. Palmer's comparison of this Invention as it appears in the Clavier-Büchlein vor Wilhelm Friedemann Bach with the autograph of the final version showed that the composer actually intended a slur between the "b" and "c#" and a mordent over the "c#." Here is the Invention as it appears in Palmer's J.S. Bach: Inventions and Sinfonias, 2nd Edition (Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing Co., 1991). [Used with Permission of the Publisher; for copyright notice to "Inventions and Sinfonias," click here.]
Play the Invention no. 3 in D Major, BWV 774.
[General MIDI, 7kb]
{1} So translated in Willard A. Palmer, ed., J.S. Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Vol. 1, 2nd Edition (Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing Co., 1994), p. 13; emphasis Palmer's. [Used with Permission of the Publisher; for copyright notice to "Well-Tempered Clavier, Vol. 1," click here.] See also Eric Simon's "Introduction" to J.S. Bach, Two- and Three-Part Inventions, Facsimile of the Autograph Manuscript (NY: Dover Publications, 1968), p. vii. Page vi of the latter shows the Bach-Gesellschaft's transcription of Bach's ornament table, which was used in the first (1997) version of this page as a help in reading and transcribing the facsimile of the original ms.. Unfortunately, the Bach-Gesellschaft's transcription contains some dubious interpretations of Bach's signs; in particular, the signs numbered "6" and "13" in the list above are virtually identical in the Bach-Gesellschaft transcription, but this can be clearly seen to be erroneous by comparing Bach's handwritten table.
For this revision of the page (2001), my table graphic above has been again scrutinized against the facsimile of Bach's handwritten table, and compared with Palmer's transcription, and additional corrections over and above the ones previously pointed out by various correspondents (see "Acknowledgements," below) have been made accordingly. (The ornament table appears in facsimile and transcription in both Palmer editions; see note 2 below for information on the second one.)
{2} Palmer, Well-Tempered Clavier, Vol. 1, p. 14 (capitals and italics Palmer's). See also the same editor's J.S. Bach: Inventions and Sinfonias, 2nd Edition (Van Nuys, CA: Alfred Publishing Co., 1991), p. 6, where this caution also appears. [Used with Permission of the Publisher; for copyright notice to "Inventions and Sinfonias," click here.] Both publications contain an excellent explanation of the ornament table, differing between them only in the examples given, which in either score illustrates the ornaments with passages from the specific work in that volume.
Addendum 2/20/05: However, my correspondent Alexei Zouboff points out that "Palmer's statement cited at the top of your page: 'Since the Explication applies each ornament to a quarter note only', is not absolutely exact: we have at least two exceptions [at nos. 4 and 8]; therefore 'only' should be changed to something like 'mostly' or 'almost only'" (personal communication via e-mail, 1/29/05). Mr. Zouboff is right, and therefore the transcription in Palmer's Well-Tempered Clavier, p. 13 (also in his Inventions and Sinfonias, p. 4) therefore slightly disagrees at no. 8 from the facsimile of Bach's table on the same page in lacking the dot on the quarter note. (However, the transcription of no. 4, despite Palmer's statement quoted above, is correct in making the upper note an eighth note.) My transcription of the table, which previously mistranscribed both no. 4 and no. 8, has now been corrected accordingly.
{3}This comment comes from C.P.E.'s foreword to the 1765 first edition of J.S. Bach's Four-Part Chorales, as given in Hans T. David, Arthur Mendel, & Christoph Wolff, eds., The New Bach Reader, NY: Norton, 1998, p. 379.
{4}As qtd. in "Conversation with Music Editors Dr. Willard A. Palmer and Mrs. Margery Halford," The Harpsichord, Vol. VI, No. 2 (May-July 1973), p. 8. (Spelling of "Karl" as in source, which appears to reflect the preference of the editor of that magazine in transcribing this oral interview--not necessarily that of Dr. Palmer.)
{5}The MIDI file gives this piece as reprinted in Philipp Spitta, Johann Sebastian Bach, trans. Clara Bell & J.A. Fuller-Maitland, Vol. 3, NY: Dover, 1951, p. 387. As a matter of fact, Bach's score of this "Praeludium" has none of the above-listed ornaments, but it does show a kind of musical shorthand that was no doubt also part of Friedemann's curriculum: after bar 7, the notation is all half-note and whole-note chords, but this is a kind of abbreviated notation that Bach uses often when he wants continued arpeggios. (Two other examples of this can be found in the viola da gamba obbligato in the bass recitative "Ja! freilich will in uns das Fleisch und Blut" in Part 2 of the St. Matthew Passion [BWV 244], and in the violin solo to the alto aria "Ich will doch wohl Rosen brechen" from the Cantata "Wahrlich, wahrlich, ich sage euch" [BWV 86].)
{6}See Willard A. Palmer, J.S. Bach: Inventions and Sinfonias, p. 5, which also includes facsimiles of the relevant bars in Bach's "Autograph of 1723" and the Clavier-Büchlein demonstrating his point about the proper reading here.
- I thank Alfred
Publishing Co., Inc., for kind permission to cite the following
publications, for which the copyright notices as
found on the versos of their title pages are as follows:
For Willard A. Palmer, ed., J.S. Bach: The Well-Tempered Clavier, Vol. 1:
Second Edition
Copyright © MCMXCIV by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information or retrieval system without written permission of the publisher.
Alfred Publishing Co., Inc.
16380 Roscoe Blvd., P.O. Box 10003
Van Nuys, CA 91410-0003
For Willard A. Palmer, ed., J.S. Bach: Inventions and Sinfonias:
Second Edition
Copyright © MCMXCI by Alfred Publishing Co., Inc.
Printed in the United States of America
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information or retrieval system without written permission of the Publisher:
Alfred Publishing Co., Inc.
16380 Roscoe Boulevard, Suite 200
Van Nuys, CA 91406
Both are "Used with Permission of the Publisher."
- For corrections to previous versions of the ornaments
table transcription, and various suggestions, I thank Alexei Zouboff, Hume Smith and Dr. Yo Tomita.
- For pointing out an additional correction to Ornament
1's realization (correct in Bach-Gesellschaft and Palmer; this blunder was
all mine!), I would like to thank Alan
Melvin.
- I would like to especially thank Bill Palmer for introducing me to the
editions by his late father, Dr.
Willard A. Palmer, for Alfred
Publishing Co., Inc. which are the basis for this present revision of
my page.
- Also see Bach's Fantasia and
Fugue, BWV 906 on this site.